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深入理解PHP原理之Opcodes

Published on 18 June 2008 by laruence

最近要给Yahoo的同事们做一个关于PHP和Apache处理请求的内部机制的讲座，刚好写了些关于Opcodes的文字，就发上来了，这个文章基于 Sara Golemon大师的《Understanding OPcode》
Opcode是一种PHP脚本编译后的中间语言，就像Java的ByteCode,或者.NET的MSL，举个例子，比如你写下了如下的PHP代码：

 <?php
   echo "Hello World";
   $a = 1 + 1;
   echo $a;
?>

PHP执行这段代码会经过如下4个步骤(确切的来说，应该是PHP的语言引擎Zend)

1.Scanning(Lexing) ,将PHP代码转换为语言片段(Tokens)
2.Parsing, 将Tokens转换成简单而有意义的表达式
3.Compilation, 将表达式编译成Opocdes
4.Execution, 顺次执行Opcodes，每次一条，从而实现PHP脚本的功能。

题外话:现在有的Cache比如APC,可以使得PHP缓存住Opcodes，这样，每次有请求来临的时候，就不需要重复执行前面3步，从而能大幅的提高PHP的执行速度。
那什么是Lexing? 学过编译原理的同学都应该对编译原理中的词法分析步骤有所了解，Lex就是一个词法分析的依据表。 Zend/zend_language_scanner.c会根据Zend/zend_language_scanner.l(Lex文件),来输入的 PHP代码进行词法分析，从而得到一个一个的“词”，PHP4.2开始提供了一个函数叫token_get_all,这个函数就可以讲一段PHP代码 Scanning成Tokens；
如果用这个函数处理我们开头提到的PHP代码，将会得到如下结果:

Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
           [0] => 367
           [1] =>  Array
        (
            [0] => 316
            [1] => echo
        )
    [2] => Array
        (
            [0] => 370
            [1] =>
        )
    [3] => Array
        (
            [0] => 315
            [1] => "Hello World"
        )
    [4] => ;
    [5] => Array
        (
            [0] => 370
            [1] =>
        )
    [6] => =
    [7] => Array
        (
            [0] => 370
            [1] =>
        )
    [8] => Array
        (
            [0] => 305
            [1] => 1
        )
    [9] => Array
        (
            [0] => 370
            [1] =>
        )
    [10] => +
    [11] => Array
        (
            [0] => 370
            [1] =>
        )
    [12] => Array
        (
            [0] => 305
            [1] => 1
        )
    [13] => ;
    [14] => Array
        (
            [0] => 370
            [1] =>
        )
    [15] => Array
        (
            [0] => 316
            [1] => echo
        )
    [16] => Array
        (
            [0] => 370
            [1] =>
        )
    [17] => ;
)

分析这个返回结果我们可以发现，源码中的字符串，字符，空格，都会原样返回。每个源代码中的字符，都会出现在相应的顺序处。而，其他的比如标签，操作符，语句，都会被转换成一个包含俩部分的Array: Token ID (也就是在Zend内部的改Token的对应码，比如,T_ECHO,T_STRING)，和源码中的原来的内容。
接下来，就是Parsing阶段了，Parsing首先会丢弃Tokens Array中的多于的空格，然后将剩余的Tokens转换成一个一个的简单的表达式

1.echo a constant string
2.add two numbers together
3.store the result of the prior expression to a variable
4.echo a variable

然后就改Compilation阶段了，它会把Tokens编译成一个个op_array, 每个op_arrayd包含如下5个部分：

1.Opcode数字的标识，指明了每个op_array的操作类型，比如add , echo
2.结果       存放Opcode结果
3.操作数1  给Opcode的操作数
4.操作数2
5.扩展值   1个整形用来区别被重载的操作符

比如，我们的PHP代码会被Parsing成:

* ZEND_ECHO     'Hello World'
* ZEND_ADD       ~0 1 1
* ZEND_ASSIGN  !0 ~0
* ZEND_ECHO     !0

呵呵，你可能会问了，我们的$a去那里了？
恩，这个要介绍操作数了，每个操作数都是由以下俩个部分组成：

a)op_type : 为IS_CONST, IS_TMP_VAR, IS_VAR, IS_UNUSED, or IS_CV
b)u,一个联合体，根据op_type的不同，分别用不同的类型保存了这个操作数的值(const)或者左值(var)

而对于var来说，每个var也不一样
IS_TMP_VAR, 顾名思义，这个是一个临时变量，保存一些op_array的结果，以便接下来的op_array使用，这种的操作数的u保存着一个指向变量表的一个句柄（整数），这种操作数一般用~开头，比如~0,表示变量表的0号未知的临时变量
IS_VAR 这种就是我们一般意义上的变量了,他们以$开头表示
IS_CV 表示ZE2.1/PHP5.1以后的编译器使用的一种cache机制，这种变量保存着被它引用的变量的地址，当一个变量第一次被引用的时候，就会被CV起来，以后对这个变量的引用就不需要再次去查找active符号表了，CV变量以！开头表示。
这么看来，我们的$a被优化成!0了。

Filed in PHP应用, PHP源码分析

98 Comments

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  9. feistiny
    feistiny March 18, 2020

    为什么不用 var_dump 输出 tokens, print_r 出来的空格都没了, 不太好理解

  10. feistiny
    feistiny March 18, 2020

    为什么不用 var_dump, print_r 出来的空格都没了, 不好理解

  13. Mao
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    学习了！虽然现在PHP7已经不一样了，还是很有参考意义。

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  44. PHP Opcode 缓存之APC | William Sang
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    深入理解PHP原理之异常机制 | 万维网黑客联盟 March 20, 2011

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  64. 看php opcode的三个工具 | 兔子爱吃萝卜
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  78. 深入理解PHP原理之异常机制 | yeeger.com
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    […] 了解opcode(深入理解PHP原理之Opcodes的同学都知道, 在PHP5.3以前, 每一个可独立运行的op array(文件, 函数, 方法)的最后一条opcode都是ZEND_HANDLE_EXCEPTION, 而这个opcode是做什么用的呢? […]

  79. 深入理解PHP之异常机制 | 风雪之隅
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    […] 了解opcode(深入理解PHP原理之Opcodes的同学都知道, 在PHP5.3以前, 每一个可独立运行的op array(文件, 函数, 方法)的最后一条opcode都是ZEND_HANDLE_EXCEPTION, 而这个opcode是做什么用的呢? […]

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    While PHP is not a compiled language, it resembles compiled languages in that PHP code
    is converted into a binary format before actually being executed.
    This transformation from programming language
    to executable code is called
    >>>lexing
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    >>>opcodes(numeric representation of PHP language elements).
    维基百科上对于opcode(operation code)的解释：
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  89. wan
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    好文章，已认真阅读，请问为什么每次生成的 opcodes 的最后总是会有这么一条指令： * ZEND_HANDLE_EXCEPTION ， 请指点。谢谢

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  92. 熊林
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  94. xiaoj
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    PHP Opcode Dumper，这个工具可以查看到编译后的opcodes

  95. 雪候鸟
    雪候鸟 September 11, 2008

    to chen, 可以通过vld扩展获取.
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  96. Anonymous
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    以后多向你老人家学习

  97. chen
    chen August 27, 2008

    本人学艺不精,看了你的文章后有很多疑问,这个php的opcode怎么能够得到啊?能具体说说吗?

  98. 扩展PHP[Extending PHP](1) | 风雪之隅
    扩展PHP[Extending PHP](1) | 风雪之隅 August 16, 2008

    […] 你所编写的脚本，最终都会被转换成C代码来执行。 这个和我在以前文章中(深入理解PHP原理之Opcodes)介绍的opcode并不冲突， […]

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